Bank of Finland Bulletin 4 • 2024
The contents of the Bulletin may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested.
ISSN 1456-5870 (online)
Publication date 1 October 2024.
The Finnish version was published on 1 October 2024.
Vol. 98
Five issues of the Bank of Finland Bulletin will be published in 2024.
Editor-in-Chief
Olli Rehn
Editorial Board
Jenni Hellström, Chairperson
Niko Herrala
Esa Jokivuolle
Helinä Laakkonen
Markku Lehmus
Kirsi Ripatti
Petri Uusitalo, Secretary
Juuso Vanhala
Articles
Prepared in the Monetary Policy and
Research Department under the
supervision of Markku Lehmus.
Authors
Jetro Anttonen
Heli Honkaharju
Eeva Kerola
Olli-Matti Laine
Markku Lehmus
Jaakko Nelimarkka
Aleksi Paavola
Lauri Vilmi
Translation and editing
Bank of Finland Language Services,
Bank of Finland Communications
Subscriptions to the newsletter
www.bofbulletin.fi